Computer Awareness PDF 2024 Capsule for Bank Exams Free Download

History Of Computer –

The history of computers can be traced back to ancient times, with early devices such as the abacus being used to perform simple mathematical calculations. However, the first electronic computer, called the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), was built during World War II in the United States, and was used for military calculations.

In the decades that followed, computers continued to evolve and become more powerful. The invention of the transistor in 1947 by Bell Labs revolutionized computer technology, allowing for the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient computers. The development of the integrated circuit in the late 1950s and early 1960s further improved computer technology, and led to the creation of the first minicomputers and microcomputers.

During the 1970s and 1980s, personal computers (PCs) became more widely available, and their popularity grew rapidly. The introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 was a significant milestone in the history of computers, as it established the standard for personal computers and helped to make them more affordable and accessible to a wider audience.

In the 1990s, the Internet emerged as a major force in the world of computers, and by the early 2000s, the Internet had become a fundamental part of daily life for many people. With the advent of smartphones and mobile devices, computers became even more ubiquitous, and today, computers and computer technology are an essential part of modern society, playing a vital role in business, education, and entertainment.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) was an English mathematician, inventor, and mechanical engineer who is best known for his concept of the “analytical engine,” which is considered to be the prototype of the modern computer. Babbage began work on the analytical engine in the 1820s, but was never able to complete the project due to funding and technical difficulties.

Generations Of Computers –

The history of computers is often divided into generations, based on the technology used in the computers of that time. The following are the five main generations of computers:

1. First Generation (1940-1956): The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as the main electronic component. These computers were large and expensive and were used primarily for scientific and military purposes. Examples of first-generation computers include the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) and the UNIVAC.
2. Second Generation (1956-1963): The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. This made the computers smaller, faster, and more reliable, and they could be used in a wider range of applications. Examples of second-generation computers include the IBM 1401 and the IBM 1620.
3. Third Generation (1964-1971): The third generation of computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. This made the computers even smaller, faster, and more reliable, and they could be used in a wider range of applications. Examples of third-generation computers include the IBM System/360 and the DEC PDP-8.
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1981): The fourth generation of computers used microprocessors, which are integrated circuits that contain a CPU on a single chip. This made the computers even smaller, faster, and more reliable, and they could be used in a wider range of applications. Examples of fourth-generation computers include the Altair 8800 and the Apple II.
5. Fifth Generation (1981-Present): The fifth generation of computers uses microprocessors, artificial intelligence and parallel processing. They are more intelligent and more powerful than ever before, and they can be used in a wide range of applications, including personal computers, supercomputers, and embedded systems. Examples of fifth-generation computers include IBM’s Watson, Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa.

Types Of Computers –

1. Personal computers (PCs): Personal computers are designed for use by an individual and are typically used for tasks such as word processing, internet browsing, and gaming. They come in a variety of form factors, including desktop computers and laptops.
2. Servers: Servers are computers that are designed to provide services to other computers, such as hosting websites or managing databases. They are typically more powerful than personal computers and are optimized for multitasking and data storage.
3. Mainframes: Mainframes are large, powerful computers that are used for tasks that require a high degree of reliability, such as managing large amounts of data or running business-critical applications. They are typically used by large organizations, such as banks and government agencies.
4. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are the most powerful computers available, and they are used for tasks that require a high degree of computational power, such as scientific research, weather forecasting, and cryptography.
5. Embedded systems: Embedded systems are small, specialized computers that are built into other devices, such as cars, cell phones, and appliances. They are used to control the functions of the device and may include specialized features such as sensors and actuators.
6. Gaming Computers: Gaming computers are designed for high-performance gaming and are typically equipped with powerful processors, graphics cards, and large amounts of memory. They are optimized for running the latest games and are designed to provide a smooth and immersive gaming experience.
7. Mobile devices: Mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones are also considered as computers, they are designed to be portable and can be used for a variety of tasks, such as email, internet browsing, and social media.

Database Management Systems (DBMS) –

A Database Management System ( DBMS) is software designed to store, retrieve, define, and manage data in a database.

Structure Of DBMS –

A database system is a divide into modules that deal with each of the responsibilities of the overall system. The functional components of a database system can be broadly divided into the storage manager and the query processor components.

Types Of DBMS –

There are different types of Centralised databases. Distributed database. Personal database. End-user database. Commercial database. NoSQL database. Operational database. Relational database.

Types Of Keys –

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups – Typing (alphanumeric) keys, Control keys, Function keys, Navigation keys, and Numeric keypad.

SQL (Structured Query Language) –

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

Data Definition Language (DDL) –

A data definition language (DDL) is a computer language used to generate and modify the structure of database objects in a database. These database objects include views, schemas, tables, indexes, etc

Normalization And Anomalies –

Normalization is a process of arranging the data in the database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly.

Types Of Data Models –

There are three different types of data models: conceptual, logical, and physical, and each has a specific purpose.

Computer Architecture –

In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems.

Important Terms –

Computers are an integral part of every part of human life. A computer in itself is a wide term. It includes different concepts, terms, and terminologies. It is very essential to understand each and every component of a computer and its terminologies to understand a computer as a whole.

Introduction Of Computer Number System –

Computer Security –

Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and the information on them, as well as from disturbance or misdirection of the services they provide.

Hardware And Software –

Computer hardware is any physical device used in or with your machine, whereas software is a collection of programming code installed on your computer’s hard drive.

In other words, the hardware is something you can hold in your hand, whereas software cannot be held in your hand.

Memory –

Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily, like RAM (random access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory). Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating systems, software, and hardware.

Microsoft Office –

The office is produced in several kinds targeted towards different end-users and computing environments. The original, and most widely used version, is the desktop version, available for PCs running the Windows and macOS operating systems. Microsoft also maintains mobile apps for Android and iOS.

Microsoft Excel –

a software program created by Microsoft that uses spreadsheets to organize numbers and data with formulas and functions. Excel analysis is ever-present around the world and is used by businesses of all sizes to perform financial analysis.

Networking And Internet –

A network is defined as a group of two or more computer systems. Whereas the internet is the interrelationship of a few networks. It provides a link between many computers and network-enabled devices. While it provides connection among many networks.

Operating Systems –

Android is also called an operating system.

Important Abbreviations and Short forms –

There are different types of Computer abbreviations & short forms like PC- Personal Computer DOS- Disk Operating System PCI- Peripheral Component Interconnect/Interface PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.